Our club member Alan Frener treated us to a fascinating and moving story of Salisbury fame. As a longstanding coach of Salisbury Rugby Club he and his team of youngsters were able to welcome Richard Hill, member of the 2003 World Champion team, to their Salisbury clubhouse. Hilly hails from Salisbury and is still a frequent visitor to the club.

The second claim to fame is the, until recently, untold story of the secret Spitfire factories in the City and its surroundings.

The Club was specially delighted to welcome as a guest Norman Parker, author of “Secret Spitfires Memorial”

The original home of Spitfire development and manufacture was Southampton. However, after the first devastating air attacks in September 1940 it was decided to disperse Spitfire production. Salisbury became the biggest of several places of secret, dispersed production.

Factory number one was next to Salisbury Rugby Ground. It is now marked out by the Spitfire Memorial just next to Castle Road.

There were factory sites all over town hidden in innocuous buildings . Each factory worked autonomously producing complete planes. In total about 2500 Spitfires were produced by Salisbury factories. Alan’s presentation included a wealth of video interviews of those who had played a part in this highly secretive operation. Husband and wife would not know for years that each worked in different branches of this secret operation.

The True Story of the African Queen

On April 12th 2024 the club was delighted to welcome back Kevin Prentice as speaker. Kevin has grown up in Kenya and has been a professional salvage diver. He treated us, in effect, to three stories, skilfully interwoven.

There was first a brief sketch of German East Africa at the outbreak of WW I, surrounded by British and Belgian colonies and blockaded by the British Navy.

Background and Early Strategy: Von Lettow-Vorbeck, a seasoned military officer with experience in China and German Southwest Africa, took command of the German colonial forces in East Africa (modern-day Tanzania, Burundi, and parts of Mozambique) in 1914. His forces were relatively small, consisting of a few thousand German officers and a larger number of Askari (African soldiers loyal to Germany). These he taught German to overcome the linguistic divisions of African tribes and turned them into a formidable fighting force.

The Germans had established a strong naval presence on lake Tanganyika with armed ships, including the notorious gunboat Graf von Götzen.

The British Plan: The British plan to take control of Lake Tanganyika involved an extraordinary and audacious feat of engineering and military planning. Spearheaded by the eccentric British officer Geoffrey Spicer-Simson and under the command of the Royal Navy, the mission was to transport two small gunboats, HMS Mimi and HMS Toutou, from Britain to South Africa and then overland through the jungle to Lake Tanganyika—a journey of over 10,000 miles.

The Overland Journey: The transportation of the boats was a Herculean task. After arriving in South Africa, the boats were transported by train and ox-cart through some of the most challenging terrain on the continent, including dense forests and mountains. The British contingent consisted of 28men and 60 tons with a train more than a mile long. The task also required hundreds of local labourers, many of them local women who fetched and carried the enormous amounts of water needed for the steam engines.

Combat on the Lake: Once deployed on the lake in late 1915, Mimi and Toutou quickly made an impact. In a series of daring raids and engagements, they managed to sink the German ship Kingani in December 1915, and another, the Hedwig von Wissmann, in February 1916.

Graf von Götzen, built in 1913, was the most powerful of three vessels the German Empire used to control Lake Tanganyika during the early part of the First World War. Her captain had her scuttled on 26 July 1916 in Katabe Bay during the German retreat from Kigoma.

Refloated, refurbished and renamed MV Liemba, she is now the oldest “operating” passenger ship in the world. It's been sailing between Kigoma, Tanzania and Mpulungu, Zambia, since 1915. Kevin was able to visit her.

End of the Campaign: Despite the spectacular British feat on the lake Lettow-Vorbeck’s campaign continued even after the armistice in Europe on November 11, 1918. He finally surrendered on November 25, 1918, upon receiving news of the armistice from British forces, making his East African campaign one of the last to conclude in World War I.

Fictionalisation: The author C S Forester picked up the extraordinary story of the boat transport and naval engagements and turned it into a novel. This he revised and republished twice.

In 1951 the book was adapted for the film directed by John Huston and produced by Sam Spiegel. Ever since many stories abound as to where the film was shot and where the boat dramatized in the film has ended up.

Kevin convinced us that most of the “water scenes” were not shot in Wareham river but rather in the studio. The boat used in the film was bought and restored by a German enthusiast. It is now in the USA.

Custer’s Last Stand

On 10th May 2024 the Club was delighted to welcome back Col. James Porter as speaker of the day. He gave us as meticulously researched account of The Battle of Little Bighorn, commonly referred to as "Custer's Last Stand".

The events chronicled by Col Porter took place one week before the first centenary of the USA, on June 25-26, 1876. It was an engagement between the United States Army and combined forces of Lakota Sioux, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes numbering between 1,500 and 2,000. Custer’s complete force of 210 got massacred.

This battle, near the Little Bighorn River in eastern Montana Territory, is one of the most famous episodes of the American Indian Wars and marked a pivotal moment in the conflict.

Lt. Col. Custer, a controversial and ambitious military leader known for his Civil War exploits, commanded the 7th Cavalry Regiment. During the Civil war he was acting Major General, a great self-publicist, as well as a stern disciplinarian. At one stage of his career, he had
12 defectors summarily executed. He was admired by many but certainly not all.

The U.S. government's push for westward expansion led to increasing demands on Native American lands, pushing many indigenous groups to resist. In a bid to force non-treaty Native Americans onto reservations, the U.S. Army dispatched Brigadier General Alfred Terry with three columns to confront them; one of which was led by Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer.

Disregarding orders to wait for reinforcements, Custer aimed to surprise the Indian encampments. His troops, however, were met by a vastly superior force of over 2,000 Native American warriors. Unbeknownst to Custer, he was facing one of the largest gatherings of Native American fighters of the Plains Indian Wars.

The battle began when Custer divided his regiment into three battalions, aiming to attack from multiple directions. Two of the battalions, led by Major Marcus Reno and Captain Frederick Benteen, were soon overwhelmed and forced to take defensive positions. Custer and his immediate command of around 210 men advanced and were encircled by the warriors.

The exact details of Custer’s last moments are unclear due to the lack of survivors from his battalion. However, it is known that Custer and all of his men were killed in an intense battle lasting less than an hour. The Native American forces, led by prominent leaders including Crazy Horse and Chief Gall, achieved a stunning victory.

The aftermath of the Battle of the Little Bighorn had significant consequences. It shocked the American public and government, leading to a harsher military strategy against Native American tribes.

The Holy Grail in America –

On June 16th the Probus Club of Sarum was delighted to welcome Richard Huntley as speaker of the day. With a richly illustrated presentation he led us through the history and legends surrounding the Templars, pre-Colombian exploration of North America and possible Scottish connections.

The Knights Templar, officially known as the Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon, were founded in 1119 in the aftermath of the First Crusade. They were established by a small group of knights led by Hugh de Payens, a French nobleman. Their initial purpose was to protect Christian pilgrims traveling to the Holy Land. In 1129, the Templars gained official endorsement from the Catholic Church at the Council of Troyes. This recognition was largely due to the efforts of Bernard of Clairvaux, a prominent Cistercian monk and theologian. The council granted the Templars a rule of life based on the Benedictine Rule. With the Church's endorsement, the Templars quickly grew in numbers and influence. They received donations of money, land, and noble-born sons eager to join their ranks. The Order established numerous commanderies (local Templar headquarters) across Europe and the Holy Land. By the 13th century there were about 20,000 Knights across Europe. Beyond their important military role, the Templars developed a sophisticated financial network and operated as early bankers. The siege of Acre, the last Christian stronghold, culminated on May 18, 1291, when the Mamluks breached the city's defences and overran it. The surviving Templars and other Crusaders were forced to flee, and many took refuge on the island of Cyprus. The Knights Templar had quickly spread throughout Europe, establishing a strong presence in southern France. This region was vital to the Templars due to its strategic location, wealth, and supportive nobility.

Hugh de Payens, one of the founders and the first Grand Master of the Templars, had strong connections in southern France. His recruitment efforts among the French nobility were crucial for the Order’s early expansion. The Knights Templar established a presence in Portugal in the early 12th century. The Portuguese King Afonso I (Afonso Henriques) officially recognized the Templars and granted them land and privileges in 1128. The Templars played a significant role in the Reconquista, helping to reclaim territory from the Moors. In return for their military support, they were granted extensive lands and castles, particularly in the central and western parts of Portugal. One of their most significant strongholds was the Castle of Tomar, which became the Templar headquarters in Portugal by 1160. On October 13, 1307, Philip IV ordered the arrest of all Templars in France. The defeat and suppression of the Knights Templar in France were driven by a combination of financial desperation and political manoeuvring on the part of King Philip IV as well as religious rivalry. The sudden and ruthless nature of their downfall was supported by Pope Clement V.

From here legend takes over. Did a significant number of knights escape to Portugal and Scotland? In particular, did they have a significant role In Prince Henry’s explorations? There is also the idea of early visits to North America by Scots, particularly those linked to the Knights Templar.

One of the most popular legends involving Scots and early visits to North America revolves around Prince Henry Sinclair: He, a nobleman of Scottish-Norwegian descent, is claimed by some to have voyaged to North America in 1398, nearly a century before Christopher Columbus's famous voyage in 1492. He is also claimed to have connections to the Templars. The primary source of this legend comes from the Zeno Narrative, a collection of letters and a map published in the 16th century by Nicolò Zeno, detailing a voyage purportedly made by Henry Sinclair with the help of the Zeno brothers, Venetian navigators. According to the narrative, Sinclair's expedition reached a land called Estotiland; believed by some to be part of North America, possibly Newfoundland or Nova Scotia.

Another element often linked to the Templar and Scottish presence in North America is the Newport Tower: Located in Rhode Island, the Newport Tower is a round stone structure whose origins are debated. Some claim it is evidence of pre-Columbian European exploration, including by the Norse or Scottish-Templar explorers. Proponents of the Templar theory suggest the tower was built by Sinclair’s expedition or by the Templars themselves. However, mainstream historians typically date the tower to the colonial period, around the 17th century. At the centre of all these theories and legends is the idea that the Templars had found the Holy Grail during their occupation of Jerusalem and managed to spirit it out via Acre and Cyprus to eventually bring it to North America.

Memories of a Raving Roving Reporter

On 12th July the Probus Club of Sarum was able to welcome back Alan Jones, retired BBC Radio reporter. This time he entertained us with amazing as well as hilarious stories from his many years with the BBC.

He warned us, all his episodes would be about foul-ups and mishaps, many of them due to the then precarious technical arrangements available to a life radio reporter.

Alan started recalling his BBC interviewing experience. He had to face a scary panel of interviewers. When he was called for a second session the chairman explained how many different roles the BBC has for young journalists, from writing the stories to presenting them on TV and Radio. The chairman concluded: “You have the face for radio”. Thus began a lifelong BBC career spanning some 24,000 interviews.

In 1990 the provisional west wall of Portsmouth Cathedral was demolished to restart the construction of the west end. This marked the resumption of the expansion project that had been delayed due to the war. Alan was asked to join a senior cleric at the top of the scaffolding to interview as he dislodged the first brick and blessed the restart of the project. However, his interviewee was so terrified of heights that he rushed up like a Jack in a box, dislodged a single brick and tried to rush back down the ladder. Alan had to trap him on the ladder in order to get his life interview.

When reporting life the reporter normally gets instructions from the production team through earphones counting down to the second.

The event was the ceremonial opening of a “blue flag beach” in Pool by the Mayor. This was to be a mock landing of marines in RIBs, led by the nubile, bikini clad daughter of the mayor. Mock explosions were to go off as they rushed the beach. As the flotilla approached Alan told the producer to get him on air. He was told wait!

When they finally told him to start he had to tell them it was already over. The instructions through his earphones: “Tell them to do it again”!

On June 10, 1990 Alan was asked to rush to Southampton Airport because British Airways Flight 5390 from Birmingham to Málaga had been rerouted for an emergency landing.

Approximately 20 minutes into the flight at an altitude of 17,300 feet, the left cockpit windshield had blown out and Captain Tim Lancaster being partially sucked out of the cockpit.

Co-pilot Alastair Atchison took immediate control of the aircraft. Flight attendants Nigel Ogden and Simon Rogers acted quickly to hold onto Captain Lancaster's legs, preventing him from being fully ejected.

Despite the extreme conditions—wind speeds of over 300 mph, temperatures around -17°C, and the threat of further decompression—the crew's coordinated efforts kept Captain Lancaster from being lost.

Without any technical support Alan was asked to report life on air about this dramatic event. He had to use paper makers on his portable tape recorder to cobble together his life report.

Captain Lancaster suffered frostbite, fractures to his right arm and wrist, and a broken thumb. Despite the severity of his injuries and the traumatic experience, he was back on duty after six months.

Drama and misunderstanding seemed to span a very wide scale of human experience indeed in Alan’s professional life.Alan was asked to attend a big leukaemia fund raising even in Swindon and interview the Mayor. On arrival the receptionist in the glass entry box was stark nude. When he was led to the press officer in the main hall he was nude as well. It turned out the fund raisers were the Nudist Sports Club of GB. When Alan finally started interviewing the Mayor his start was, "OMG, I nearly sent my wife."

Seabirds of Ascension Island

At their August 2024 meeting Probus Club of Sarum welcomed Dr John Hughes from the Army Ornithological Society. Part of his Army communications career Dr Hughes has spent on Ascension Island. There he became a very active ornithologist spending extended periods on scientific recording of Ascension Island’s bird population.

Ascension Island, a remote volcanic island located in the South Atlantic Ocean, is a fascinating and unique place both in terms of its geography and history. Part of the British Overseas Territory of Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha, it lies about 1,600 kilometres from the coast of Africa and 2,250 kilometres from South America. In 1815 the British garrisoned the island to prevent the French from using it as a base to rescue Napoleon, who was imprisoned on the nearby island of Saint Helena.

Ascension Island is a barren, rocky outcrop, 10 miles by 10 miles, with its highest point, Green Mountain, reaching an elevation of 859 meters. This peak is home to a surprising tropical cloud forest, a result of one of the earliest large-scale ecological experiments where, in the 19th century, botanists introduced plants from different parts of the world in an effort to create a more hospitable environment. This has led to the island’s unique ecosystem, with introduced species thriving alongside native flora and fauna.

Its Turtle Beach is the most important nesting site for green turtles in the Atlantic.Nowadays Ascension Island is the centre of the Atlantic’s 3rd biggest MPA (Marine Protection Area).

Above all, the island is a very important seabird staging and nesting location including birds in transit to and from the UK.

There are 11 species of seabirds. However, no safe place for birds nesting because of feral cats and rat infestation. A small offshore islet is the only safe nesting place. In addition Mynabirds are causing huge damage. They peck seven or eight eggs for each one they actually consume.

Dr Hughes’ research concentrated on the Sooty Tern. Their population has crashed from about 3 million in the 1950s to nowadays 350,000. Over a 25-year period he has contributed to identifying the causes and remedies. Progress has been made by eradicating feral cats at big expense. However, this has exacerbated the rat problem. Due to the absence of cats rats can now feed on average on two Tern breeding cycles. Eliminating the rat population will be a multi-million Pound challenge.

Benjamin Ferrey – Forgotten Giant of Architecture

Benjamin Ferrey (1810–1880) was an influential English Gothic Revival architect and a close associate of prominent figures in 19th-century architecture, such as Augustus Pugin.

Probus Club of Sarum was delighted to welcome Dr Francis Burroughes,teacher, organist, church warden and connoisseur of Ferrey’s work.

Ferrey was born in Christchurch, Dorset, England. He studied at Christ's Hospital and later apprenticed under the renowned architect Augustus Pugin, a driving force in the Gothic Revival movement. Dr Burroughes’ lecture concentrated largely on Ferrey’s prolific work throughout Wessex.

In 1834, Ferrey began his architectural practice in London. He quickly made a name for himself by focusing on the restoration and construction of churches, a popular architectural endeavour in the 19th century, in line with the Ecclesiological Movement that sought to revive medieval Gothic church designs. Ferrey's work was often characterized by a deep appreciation for historical styles, particularly the Gothic.

Ferrey's portfolio includes many important ecclesiastical and secular buildings:

1. Church Restorations: He was known for restoring numerous medieval churches, most notably the restoration of Wells Cathedral in Somerset, a project that highlighted his skill in handling complex historical structures with sensitivity and precision. A total of more than 480 churches are known to have been built or restored by Ferrey

2. All Saints' Church, Windsor: One of his significant new church projects, this building showcases Ferrey's mastery of Gothic design elements, such as pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and decorative stonework.

3. Secular Architecture: Ferrey has also designed and/or restored many secular buildings, including manor houses and public structures, with a Gothic Revival approach.

Examples are the Market Cross at Glastonbury, Tyntesfield, designed with one of his pupils, Bagshot Park in Berkshire, Dorchester Corn Exchange etc. In fact, he designed so many buildings in Dorchester that it has been referred to as “Ferrey Town”. He was also commissioned with the original layout of Bournemouth.

Professional Recognition:

Ferrey was a founding member of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) and contributed to the architectural discourse of his time. His dedication to the Gothic Revival movement and ecclesiastical architecture earned him significant recognition in architectural circles. He maintained an architectural practice for nearly five decades, during which he influenced the spread of the Gothic style across England.

Personal Life and Legacy

Ferrey was known to have a close professional and personal relationship with the Pugin family, particularly Augustus Pugin, who significantly influenced his early career. Ferrey died in 1880, leaving behind a body of work that continued to inspire architects of subsequent generations.

His contributions to the field of architecture are documented in various architectural journals of his time and through his involvement with RIBA.

During the subsequent discussion Dr. Burroughes pointed out that Ferrey practiced at a time when architects had to do “the whole job” from finding and acquiring the sites to procuring the right material, no clerks of work, no surveyors or structural engineers. This must have resulted in an unbelievable workload much of it accomplished during train journeys crisscrossing the country.

250 Years fighting the Americans – Probus Club of Sarum

was delighted to welcome Dr Charles Rees, retired GP from Christchurch, to its Friday lecture. After his retirement Charles Rees developed a keen interest in the American Civil War. Over the last 30 year this brought him into close contact with many American friends as well as the country at large.

He had to realise that, very different from the conventional prevailing narrative, there is one big bogeyman throughout America’s history: Great Britain. He shared this perspective through his well-illustrated lecture.

He traced his theme back to the French and Indian wars 1775 to 1783. Far from being arbitrary, the Boston taxation row (tea party) had its origin in the Crown’s need to recoup some of the cost in supporting the Colonies’ war costs.

The end result was the war of independence where the British Army was repeatedly defeated for the first time after many decades. The Red Coats were unable to cope with the freewheeling type of fighting rather than the European “set battles”. This despite many Americans, especially in the Carolinas, staying loyal to the Crown. The same was true of the French colonists.

The War of 1812 (1812–1815)

Tensions rose due to British interference with American trade, impressment of American sailors, and British support for Native American resistance against American expansion.

The war saw invasions on both sides, including the burning of Washington, D.C., by British forces in 1814, and key battles like the Battle of Lake Erie and the Battle of New Orleans. The war's most famous incident was the U.S. defence of Fort McHenry, inspiring "The Star-Spangled Banner."

The Treaty of Ghent (1814) ended the war in a stalemate, with no major territorial changes.

Following the War of 1812, relations between the two countries remained occasionally tense, with minor incidents like the Aroostook War (1838-1839), a bloodless border dispute in Maine, and the Pig War (1859), a minor boundary dispute in the Pacific Northwest.

These disputes were eventually resolved peacefully through diplomacy and negotiation.

The American Civil War (1861-1865) was caused by the rapid expansion of the Union. Newly elected president Lincoln insisted that new states joining the Union must be “non-slave”. This gave rise to South Carolina seceding from the Union. There argument was that since the Colonies had seceded from the Crown they must also be free to secede from the Union.

In the unfolding civil war Great Britain officially took a stance of neutrality. Although, its economic, political, and diplomatic actions had significant implications for both the Union and the Confederate States.

Cotton Trade: At the time Britain was heavily dependent on Southern cotton for its textile industry, with about 80% of its cotton supply coming from the American South. The blockade of Confederate ports by the Union Navy created the "cotton famine" in Britain.

While Britain considered siding with the South to secure its cotton needs, it ultimately found alternative cotton sources in Egypt and India. Although, some British merchants did engage in trade with the Confederacy through blockade-running operations, supplying the South with goods in exchange for cotton.

The Trent Affair (1861): One of the closest points of conflict came when a U.S. Navy ship intercepted the British mail ship *Trent* and captured two Confederate diplomats on board. Britain viewed this as a violation of its neutrality and demanded an apology and the release of the diplomats. Tensions rose, with Britain mobilizing troops in Canada, but the crisis was resolved when the U.S. released the diplomats and issued a conciliatory statement, averting a possible war.

The Alabama Claims: The Confederacy commissioned several warships built in British shipyards, including the *CSS Alabama*, which inflicted significant damage on Union merchant ships. Although Britain ultimately stopped further construction of such ships, the U.S. filed claims against Britain after the war for damages, leading to the 1872 international arbitration and a financial settlement known as the "Alabama Claims."

Britain’s decision not to recognize the Confederacy and its later willingness to compensate the U.S. for damages caused by Confederate ships built in British ports (through the Alabama Claims settlement) helped mend relations post-war. The peaceful resolution of these disputes contributed to a strengthened diplomatic relationship.

Dr Rees pointed out that while relations became peaceful, they were never “special”. In fact, he maintained US entry into WWI was much more driven by sympathy for France than for Britain. During WWII the “special relationship” was very much a construct of politics. One example he cited: The terms of lend lease were strictly commercial, resulting in GB paying down huge amounts with interest until 2006! Nowadys Americans view Britain as just one of several medium sized states, about the size of Michigan!

Salisbury (Sarum) Probus Club

Sarum Probus Club is an organisation for retired men living in the Salisbury Area.

Previous Meetings 2024